News
Non-invasive wearable patch could monitor oestrogen in sweat
The sensor could make it easier for women to monitor their estradiol levels at home, say researchers

Researchers from the California Institute of Technology have developed a wearable sensor that could reliably monitor estradiol by detecting its presence in sweat.
The sex hormone commonly known as oestrogen plays an important role in multiple aspects of women’s health and fertility.
High levels of oestrogen in the body are associated with breast and ovarian cancers, while low levels of estradiol can result in osteoporosis, heart disease, and even depression.
Oestrogen is a class of hormones that includes estradiol as the most potent form. Estradiol is also necessary for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in women and regulates the reproductive cycle.
Because of its many functions, estradiol is often specifically monitored by doctors, but this usually requires the patient to visit a clinic to have blood drawn for analysis in a lab.
The new wearable sensor, scientists argue, could monitor estradiol by detecting its presence in sweat, making it easier for women to monitor their estradiol levels at home and in real time.
The research, published in Nature Nanotechnology, was conducted in the lab of Wei Gao, assistant professor of medical engineering, investigator with the Heritage Medical Research Institute, and Ronald and JoAnne Willens Scholar.
Gao has previously developed sweat sensors that detect cortisol, the presence of the COVID-19 virus and a whole slew of other nutrients and biological compounds.
He says the development of the estradiol sensor was spurred in part by requests from people who were unsatisfied with the options they had for monitoring their oestrogen levels.
“People often ask me if I could make the same kind of sweat sensor for female hormones, because we know how much those hormones impact women’s health,” he explains.
The primary challenge, and what dictated changes in the sensor’s design, is that estradiol, which already is present at fairly low levels in the blood, is roughly 50 times less concentrated in sweat.
“Since it’s such a low concentration, it’s very challenging to detect estradiol automatically in sweat,” Gao says.
Despite this, testing in the laboratory has shown that the sensor could reliably and accurately track the changing levels of estradiol in sweat over the course of the reproductive cycle, from the lowest level during menstruation to its highest level (10 times greater) during ovulation.
Who could benefit from estradiol monitoring?
One population of women who could benefit from estradiol monitoring are those who are attempting to conceive, either naturally or through IVF.
The success of either method, Gao says, is dependent on getting timing right with regards to ovulation, but not all women have a reproductive cycle that follows a regular schedule.
Some women have been able to track their ovulation by monitoring their body temperature, but the researcher points out that method has limited usefulness because it is not very accurate and body temperature does not increase until ovulation has begun.
He says: “Because oestrogen increases before ovulation, with this sweat sensor, we would be able to give people notice ahead of time.”
Women undergoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) could also benefit from a wearable oestrogen sensor, Gao adds, as their bodies do not produce sufficient estradiol.
In these patients, however, estradiol levels will need to be carefully monitored to ensure they are taking the correct dosage.
Gao says he plans to continue working on this technology to allow it to monitor other female hormones, like luteinising hormone or progesterone, which are both involved in ovulation.
He and his team hope to “miniaturise” the sensors so they could all fit inside of small wearable devices.
Adolescent health
Newly-launched Female Health Hub will support grassroots football players

A new Female Health Hub launched by the English FA will support women and girls in grassroots football in England with trusted advice on health issues affecting play.
The hub brings together expert-backed guidance, practical tools and player insights in one place, giving women and girls practical advice and reassurance on female health in football.
It has four core aims: to help women and girls better understand their bodies and how female health affects performance and participation, to educate players on key health topics and when to seek further advice or support, to provide practical strategies to help navigate common female health challenges, and to help break down taboos and normalise conversations around female health in football.
Users of the hub will also be able to hear directly from members of the England women’s national team, who share their own experiences of navigating female health matters while playing at the highest level of the game.
“Our ambition is to create a game where women and girls can thrive,” said Sue Day, the FA’s director of women’s football.
“To achieve that, it’s essential that players feel supported in environments that understand and respond to their female health needs.
“We’ve heard directly from grassroots players that they want better information and support around female health, but that they often don’t know where to find it.
“The launch of the Female Health Hub marks an important step in changing the landscape.
“We want every player to feel confident in her own skin and supported without judgment, so she can feel empowered by her body, rather than held back by it.”
The platform was launched following research conducted by the FA that highlighted the need for better education and support around female health in football.
According to the FA, 88 per cent of adult players surveyed said their menstrual cycle has an impact on their ability to train or play, but 86 per cent reported they had never received education about the menstrual cycle in relation to football performance and training.
The research also found 64 per cent of women experience issues related to sports bras or breast health while playing football, despite sports bras being considered one of the most important pieces of playing kit.
Players also expressed strong interest in learning more about injury prevention, at 87 per cent, nutrition, at 84 per cent, and mental health, at 77 per cent, in relation to female health.
The first phase of the Female Health Hub focuses on three of the most requested topics: menstrual health, breast health and injury resilience, with further content to follow, including nutrition and pelvic health guidance.
Pregnancy
Women’s health strategy a ‘missed opportunity,’ RCM says
Fertility
Genetic carrier screening before pregnancy: What to know

Article produced in association with London Pregnancy Clinic and Jeen Health
For the majority of couples planning a pregnancy, genetic testing is not something they think about until a problem arises.
Pre-conception genetic carrier screening challenges this approach by identifying risk before pregnancy begins.
As panel sizes have grown and at-home testing options have become widely available, carrier screening is transitioning from a niche clinical referral into a mainstream component of reproductive planning.
What Carrier Screening Tests For
Being a carrier of a genetic condition means carrying one copy of a variant in a gene associated with that condition, without being affected by it.
In most cases, carriers are entirely unaware of their status.
The clinical significance of carrier status emerges when both members of a couple carry a variant in the same gene: in this scenario, each pregnancy carries a one in four chance of resulting in a child who inherits two copies of the variant and is affected by the condition.
The conditions most frequently included in expanded carrier screening panels include cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), fragile X syndrome, sickle cell disease, and a range of metabolic and enzyme deficiency disorders.
The Beacon 787 carrier test, offered by Jeen Health, screens for 787 conditions from a single sample, making it one of the most comprehensive panels currently available to UK families.
Who Is Most Likely to Benefit
Any couple planning a pregnancy can consider carrier screening. It is particularly relevant for:
- Couples with a family history of a known inherited condition
- Those from populations with higher carrier frequencies for specific conditions, including Ashkenazi Jewish, South Asian and African communities
- Couples pursuing fertility treatment, where genetic information informs treatment planning
- Those who wish to have the most complete picture of their reproductive health before conception
Importantly, being a carrier of a condition does not mean a child will be affected. It means there is a defined statistical risk that can be quantified, discussed and planned for with appropriate clinical support.
How the Test Is Performed
Carrier screening is typically carried out on a blood or saliva sample.
For at-home options such as the testing offered by Jeen Health, a cheek swab collection kit is dispatched to the patient, the sample is returned by post, and results are delivered digitally within a defined turnaround period.
In-clinic carrier testing may use a blood draw and provides the advantage of immediate access to a clinical consultation at the point of result delivery.
London Pregnancy Clinic offers genetics counselling through its partnership with Jeen Health, allowing couples to receive and contextualise carrier test results with expert support.
Genetic counselling before and after testing is recommended by Genomics England as a standard component of any genomic testing pathway.
What Happens If Both Partners Are Carriers
If both partners are identified as carriers for the same autosomal recessive condition, they are typically offered further counselling to discuss their options.
These may include proceeding naturally with an awareness of the risk, using prenatal diagnosis (CVS or amniocentesis) during pregnancy to test the fetus, or pursuing preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in the context of IVF, which allows unaffected embryos to be selected before transfer.
The purpose of identifying carrier status before pregnancy is to give couples time to consider these options without the added pressure of an ongoing pregnancy.
Knowledge of carrier status does not remove reproductive choices; it expands the information available when making them.
The Role of Pre-Conception Services
Carrier screening sits within a broader category of pre-conception care that includes fertility assessments, general health optimisation and, where relevant, management of existing conditions before pregnancy begins.
London Pregnancy Clinic offers pre-conception services encompassing fertility investigations, genetics counselling and carrier testing as part of an integrated 0th trimester approach, allowing couples to address genetic and clinical risk factors before their pregnancy starts rather than after.
Disclaimer: This article is produced for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
Clinical guidance referenced reflects published NHS, NICE and RCOG standards as at March 2026. Individual circumstances vary; readers are advised to consult a qualified healthcare professional before acting on any information in this article.
This piece was produced in association with London Pregnancy Clinic and Jeen Health, which provided background clinical information for editorial purposes.
Hyperlinks to external sources are included for reference only and do not represent an endorsement of any product, service or organisation.
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